Last Updated on May 4, 2025 by Analgesia team
Migrane
Overview
Migraines are more than just bad headaches—they are a complex neurological disorder that affects about 1 in 7 people globally. Characterised by intense, throbbing pain, usually on one side of the head, migraines can severely interfere with daily life and are often accompanied by a range of disabling symptoms.
What Is a Migraine?
A migraine is a type of recurring headache that can cause moderate to severe pain. The pain often presents as a pulsating or throbbing sensation, typically on one side of the head, and may be worsened by physical activity, light, noise, or even certain smells.
Migraines are more common in women than men, and they can begin at any age but often start in adolescence or early adulthood.
Migraine Symptoms
Symptoms vary between individuals but commonly include:
- Throbbing or pulsing pain, usually on one side of the head
- Sensitivity to light, noise, or smells
- Nausea and vomiting
- Visual disturbances like flashing lights, zigzags, or blind spots (aura)
- Mood changes, such as irritability or depression before an episode
- Fatigue or extreme tiredness
- Numbness or tingling, especially in the face or arms
- Confusion or difficulty speaking
- Dizziness or vertigo
These symptoms can last from a few hours to several days, significantly impacting quality of life.
Common Migraine Triggers
Migraines may be triggered by a wide range of factors. Identifying and avoiding your personal triggers can be a powerful part of managing the condition.
- Stress or emotional upset
- Hormonal changes, such as during menstruation or pregnancy
- Lack of sleep or changes in sleep pattern
- Skipping meals or eating certain foods (e.g., aged cheese, chocolate, processed meats)
- Caffeine overuse or withdrawal
- Alcohol, especially red wine
- Weather changes or barometric pressure fluctuations
- Bright lights, loud sounds, or strong smells
In many cases, migraines may be aggravated by physical activity or moving about. Some people experience aura—a group of sensory or visual disturbances—before the migraine begins.
Migraine Treatment Options
While there’s no cure for migraines, several treatment options can help manage symptoms and reduce frequency.
Medications
1. Pain Relievers:
- Over-the-counter (OTC): Ibuprofen, paracetamol, aspirin
- For more severe pain: Naproxen or prescription NSAIDs
2. Triptans:
- Drugs like sumatriptan, almotriptan, or eletriptan work by increasing serotonin levels to relieve inflammation and constrict blood vessels.
3. Ergot Derivatives:
- Medications such as ergotamine and dihydroergotamine bind to serotonin receptors and can be effective if taken early.
4. CGRP Inhibitors:
- Newer medications like atogepant block a protein involved in migraine attacks.
5. Gepants:
- A newer class of oral medications for acute migraine relief.
6. Anti-nausea Drugs:
- Often prescribed alongside other treatments if nausea and vomiting are present.
Lifestyle Changes for Long-Term Management
- Maintain a regular eating and sleeping schedule
- Limit caffeine and alcohol intake
- Exercise regularly, such as walking, swimming, or yoga
- Manage stress using relaxation techniques or therapy
- Keep a migraine diary to track potential triggers
Non-Medication Therapies
- Acupuncture: May reduce migraine frequency and severity for some
- Biofeedback and relaxation techniques to control physical responses to stress
- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): Helps manage stress and emotional triggers
- Cold or hot compresses on the head or neck can offer short-term relief
- Rest in a quiet, dark room when symptoms start
When to See a Doctor
Consult a healthcare provider if:
- You experience frequent or severe migraines
- OTC medications are no longer effective
- Your symptoms change or worsen
- You experience neurological symptoms like numbness or trouble speaking
Final Thoughts
Migraines are a serious and often debilitating condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Understanding your triggers, maintaining healthy habits, and using appropriate treatments can significantly reduce the frequency and intensity of migraine attacks. If pain from migraines is interfering with your quality of life, don’t hesitate to seek professional help.