Fibromyalgia Causes

The exact cause of fibromyalgia isn’t fully understood, which can make it a frustrating condition for those living with it. However, research suggests that fibromyalgia is likely the result of a combination of genetic, neurological, hormonal, and environmental factors that influence how the brain processes pain.

Here’s a deeper look at the possible causes:

1. Genetics

There’s growing evidence that fibromyalgia can run in families. While no specific gene has been pinpointed, people who have close relatives with fibromyalgia are more likely to develop it themselves. This suggests a possible genetic predisposition, especially in how pain is perceived and processed by the nervous system.

2. Abnormal Pain Processing in the Nervous System

One of the hallmark features of fibromyalgia is central sensitisation — an increased sensitivity to pain due to changes in how the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) processes pain signals. People with fibromyalgia often have heightened responses to stimuli that are not normally painful. This may be due to:

• Elevated levels of neurotransmitters like substance P, which amplifies pain signals.
• Reduced effectiveness of natural pain-relief mechanisms in the brain.
• Changes in blood flow in certain brain regions involved in pain perception.

3. Hormonal Imbalances

Imbalances in key hormones that help regulate mood and stress responses — such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine — may contribute to fibromyalgia. These chemicals also play a role in sleep and pain modulation, which may help explain the connection between hormone levels and the chronic fatigue and pain experienced in fibromyalgia.

4. Infections and Illnesses

In some cases, fibromyalgia appears to be triggered by infections. Certain viral or bacterial illnesses have been linked to the onset of symptoms, such as:

• Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
• Hepatitis C
• HIV/AIDS
• Lyme disease

While these infections don’t directly cause fibromyalgia, they may act as stressors that tip the balance in someone who is already susceptible.

5. Physical or Emotional Trauma

Traumatic events — whether physical, like a serious injury or surgery, or emotional, such as the loss of a loved one or prolonged psychological stress — can trigger fibromyalgia in some individuals. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is commonly linked to the development of fibromyalgia, particularly in women.

6. Sleep Disturbances

People with fibromyalgia often report poor sleep quality, frequent awakenings, or sleep disorders such as restless legs syndrome or sleep apnoea. Studies suggest that inadequate deep sleep interferes with the body’s ability to repair tissues and regulate pain, potentially contributing to the chronic symptoms of fibromyalgia.

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Final Thoughts

While there’s no single cause of fibromyalgia, it’s clear that the condition is multifactorial. Understanding these potential contributors can help patients and healthcare providers take a more comprehensive approach to diagnosis and management.

If you suspect you may have fibromyalgia, it’s important to speak with your GP or a rheumatologist for a proper assessment. Early recognition and personalised treatment can make a significant difference in managing symptoms and improving quality of life.